Marriage and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marriage and Family - Essay Example The paper Marriage and Family talks about the genuine family idea, a family unit framework where relatives are hereditarily identified with each other. Numerous religions characterize the obligations in a setting of this framework, wherein the mother is a female, the dad is a male and youngsters are their natural kids. The changing idea of the American family is impeding for the kids. Kids experiencing childhood in gay families create mental issues concerning sexuality. Others that experience childhood in mixed family frameworks are presented to the danger of physical maltreatment by the non-organic parent. The adjustment in the American family framework certainly shows that the family is floating separated. Truth be told, an impressive extent of the crooks has a place with such family frameworks where they have encountered sexual maltreatment. Such encounters fill in as disincentives for youthful Americans who will in general wed. Individuals I consider my family is naturally and he reditarily identified with me. I didn't need to avoid any lawful relatives since I don’t have any. There has been a change just as a decrease in the American family framework since the later 50% of the twentieth century. An ever increasing number of Americans of all races when all is said in done and the African Americans have not been hitched for a solitary time in their life. The customary family unit framework has been supplanted with single-parent family, mixed family, and gay family. The family is more floating separated than changing, with an ever increasing number of Americans of any age staying single.

Profile of Carlos the Jackal

Profile of Carlos the Jackal Named Ilich as a paeon to Lenin (whose complete name was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) by his Marxist dad, Ramirez was later known as Carlos the Jackal. His epithet came to some degree from the novel, The Day of the Jackal, a spine chiller once found by specialists among his things. Foundation Conceived in 1949 in Caracas, Venezuela, where he was raised. He was additionally educated in England and gone to college in Moscow. After his ejection from the college in 1970, he joined the Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a container Arab radical gathering at that point situated in Amman, Jordan. Guarantee to Notoriety Ramirez most celebrated fear monger move was the takeover of OPEC base camp in Vienna at a 1975 Conference, where he likewise kidnapped 11 individuals. The prisoners were inevitably shipped to Algiers and liberated. Albeit later exposed, suspicions that Ramirez played a part in murdering two of the Israeli competitors abducted at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich added to his notoriety for being a merciless and powerful fear based oppressor. For sure, a considerable lot of Ramirez accomplishments had dim inceptions and indistinct objectives and supporters which likewise gave oneself broadcasted fear monger a puzzling marvelousness. A 1994 survey of David Yallops Tracking the Jackal: The Search for Carlos, the Worlds Most Wanted Man proposes that the OPEC kidnappings may have been supported by Saddam Hussein, instead of by the PFLP, as has been recommended, or by Libyan pioneer Muammar Al Qaddafi: In spite of the fact that it has for some time been believed that the equipped assault on a Vienna meeting of the oil cartel and the seizing of 11 of the oil pastors were considered and paid for by Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi, the book puts forth a powerful defense that behind it was really Saddam Hussein, looking for an expansion in the cost of oil to back his looming war with Iran. Mr. Hussein expected Carlos to utilize the abducting as an appearance to kill the Saudi adversaries of a value rise, Mr. Yallop says, yet the inconsistent Carlos sold out his manager, as he so frequently did, and rather took a $20 million payment from the Saudi Government (the prisoners were in reality discharged). Where He Is Now The Jackal was captured by the French in 1994, in Sudan where he was living. He was sentenced for a few killings in 1997 and starting at 2017 is still in jail. Cross-Links Ramirez has communicated profound respect for Osama container Laden from jail, and all the more comprehensively for Revolutionary Islam, which is the title of a 2003 book he distributed from jail. In it, the imprisoned psychological oppressor indicated shades of his deep rooted association with radical mainstream bunches whose vision of contention is molded by class contrasts portraying Islam as the sole transnational power fit for standing up the subjugation of countries.

Fall 2018 Transfer Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Summer/Fall 2018 Transfer Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Summer/Fall 2018 Transfer Application The Summer/Fall transfer application will open today, January 22. While the application opens today, please take your time completing it. Make sure you are applying for the correct program, the correct campus, the correct term, etc. Here are a few suggestions and updates for transfer applicants. We project we will begin reviewing Summer transfers in early February, and we will start with Fall transfers in late February. Review our transfer procedures and requirements, as well as our academic consideration levels. Select the term you wish to attend, not one you have heard is easier to get in (this is a myth). If you select summer, for instance, we expect you to attend for summer, and if you do not, you cannot then attend in the fall. Please send in all the required transcripts after you apply, not before. As well, we need all transcripts from colleges ever attended as an undergraduate, even if you attended a college during HS. If a transcript has a different name than the one you applied with, please make sure to let us know so we can match up documents. The other last name filed is the place to put any other last names, and this will catch any transcripts. If you started a freshman application earlier to set up an account, you will need to select the Freshman application you started on your admissions dashboard and change your application type to Transfer. It is much better to get everything correct before applying rather than try to fix things after you submit an application, so triple check everything. Once you apply, be patient. Review the timelines page on this blog, give us time to match up things, and relax. For document matching purposes, we suggest you give us 10 business days from when you apply or submit transcripts, whichever one comes last. Make sure to monitor your myStatus after sending in transcripts, but give us time to complete your file. Go Dawgs, and be patient!

Theories And Theories Of Developmental Psychology - 874 Words

DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE 2 THEORIES IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Attachment states to a particular strong bond with a specific person or persons. The bond among the person is emotional and effective, and the person that an infant bond to in this way is known as an attachment figure as said by Schaffer(1977),there are three ways in which attachment can be developed. There are three ways in which attachment can be developed. The first one is when the new born baby is attached to any human; secondary, they learn to differentiate between the primary and secondary caregivers, but accept care from anyone and finally they focus attachment on a single specific attachment figure Bowlby suggested that attachment could be understood inside the frame work of evolutionary principles, that all psychological and physical characteristics are naturally selected. A characteristic is designated because it helps those individuals who possess it to survive and reproduce. The essential principle is that any genetic behaviour that increases an individual accidental of survival and reproduction will be passed on to the next generation and thus continues to repeat in subsequent generations. The outcome is that infants are born automatic to become attached, and adult are also automated to form this kind of relationship with their infants. Social releasers are required to ensure an contact takes place. These are social behaviours that produce a care giving reaction from other, such as crying, smiling,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1644 Words   |  7 Pages Developmental Psychology 2 Abstract Developmental Psychology is a scientific study that shows psychological changes in human being to birth to adulthood. It was first made to help infants and children, but now it has expanded to help the adolescence and adults just as well. Paul B. Baltes, has apply the six principles of human development, lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextualRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1896 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different types of approaches which aim to look at how people develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the influence of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences.(McLeodRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psycholo gy1336 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different approaches which aims to look at how children and adults develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the impact of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences. (McLeodRead MoreTheories Of Developmental Psychology : Attachment Theory1178 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology Attachment theory, it refers to an affectionate bond. â€Å"A relatively extended and enduring connection with the partner is important as a unique individual is interchangeable with no other† Ainsworth (1989) cited in Gross (2003) hand out in class (03/06/2013).The aim of this attachment is for the infant to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure as she is considered the secure base and the infant would become distressed on separationRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1039 Words   |  5 Pages― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed â€Å"closer to his teacher Pierre Janet s psychology† (Vidal) Best known for his theory on stages of cognitive development, Piaget was a great innovator and set up the foundation for today’s psychology and education. Working with children from the early 1920sRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1180 Words   |  5 Pages― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed â€Å"closer to his teacher Pierre Janet s psychology† (Vidal) Best known for his theory on stages of cognitive development, Piaget was a great innovator and set up the foundation for today’s psychology and education. Working with children from the early 1920sRead MoreFreud, Erikson, And Piaget : Theories Of Developmental Psychology Essay2372 Words   |  10 PagesPiaget: Theories in Developmental Psychology Many factors influence children’s development as well as that massive amount of development theories that elaborate on why children do certain things, why children have developmental disorders, or even why some children have developmental delays. Although there are many theories regarding children development and how they are influences, theorist make some great points in the child development but with any theory come flaws such as developmental issuesRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate Any Two Theories in Developmental Psychology1220 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and evaluate any two theories in developmental psychology. By Aimee Kaur This paper will focus on two theories in moral development within developmental Psychology. There are three components to our morality; these are emotional, cognitive and behavioural. Shaffer (1993) described morals as a â€Å"set of principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this decision† In his book The Moral Judgement of the Child (1932), Piaget states that allRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1940 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will comprises, firstly, on past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depressionRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1988 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will comprise, firstly, on past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depression and

The organizational objectives - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 905 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The related between the types of control and return on investment. Will be realized most of the organizational objectives in what can be expected if the supervision was not in place. That is why there must be effective implementation of strict control requires that management has a reasonable amount of details and how they relate to one or more of the objectives of the monitoring of results, procedures or personal cultures / to the overall objectives of the organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The organizational objectives" essay for you Create order Control action, which take different forms: behavioral constraints, review of early warning, and responsibility, and repetition. Controls the type of work and more direct control of the Department to ensure that the correct behavior of the people and must rely on the organization with an immediate focus on their business. He also described the personal and cultural controls, which encourage managers to implement one or both of the positive forces which are typically found in organizations: self-and mutual monitoring. Can be encouraged by these forces in different ways, including effective recruitment, placement, training, job design and provide the necessary resources, codes of conduct, and awards groups, and transfer within the organization, and how physical, social and tone at the top. Has become a personal and cultural controls, which are sometimes referred to as soft controls, more important in recent years. Organizations have become flatter and smaller. Managers and the wi der spans of control and hierarchy of the process and control systems (bureaucracy) has been dismantled and the replacement of staff authority. In this environment, and shared organizational values became an important tool to ensure that any person acting in the interest of the organization. The impact of all these different types of organization mission control in the relationship between the return on investment (ROI) and all these types of controls can be demonstrated as follows: Result control :- And normally used as a result of controls to control the behavior of staff in many organizational levels. The relationship between monitoring of results and return on investment) is that there are many tools of the outcome monitoring, and investment) is a tool that all these tools, even when the return on investment tool good results control approach and I think that controlling behavior is another consequence of effective control over what control focus the behavior of the staff, but the return on investment focus only on the number or value of the revenues and costs, as well as in the fixed assets and working capital, even if there are employees who must be paid for wages and salaries and that kind of spending, but the thing to focus on the value of these employees, and another something the client or the credit is part of the fixed assets in the system (ROI) is not to focus on customer behavior, but the focus on the value of these clients Action control :- Control measures are the most direct type of management control, to ensure the proper functioning of the people must rely on the organization by focusing directly on their work. The relationship between work and monitor the return on investment) and this approach is to control the focus on controlling the actions that occur in organizations, but when this approach has the efficiency and effectiveness of the return on investment can be high, and I think that the work of control refers to the benefits, but also attention to the value of the investment returns of different things or different procedures in organizations. Personal control : Supervision of staff at the personal direction and control of natural or self-stimulation. The relationship between personal control of the return on investment (ROI), I noted at the beginning of personal control and focus on individuals in the organization, employees and customers, but I think that focusing only on the investment returns the quantity or value of these resources is not to satisfy some of the reviews or salary of employees but I believe that this Technical need a lot of people to implement this technology. Cultural control :- The aim of cultural controls to encourage mutual monitoring by a strong set of pressure on individuals who deviate from the Community rules and values. The relationship between culture and the internal return on investment in the case of a culture of support for the implementation (ROI), or when I want to implement any new techniques you must know the culture of the organization. At the end of the mission there relations between the types of control and return on investment Conclusion: All the control types can be used to provide tight control. We can define tight control as in terms of a high degree of assurance that employees will behave as the organization wishes. Mangers should have good knowledge about how the control objectives (action, results, personal, culture) can implement effectively the chosen form of control. Mangers have the authority to change the type of control and replace with another type that provides a better fit with situation for the purpose of tighter. Mangers can use multiple forms of control in the same time to tighten their MCS. Return on investment as a strategic tool. And very important for all types of control. Also we cant measure ROI without measure the profit the question here by what we measure it we should know the cost with cost absolutely we need control all types of control. PREPAR BY :MAHFOUDH HUSSEIN HUSSEIN MGAMMAL (803914)

The Deaf Identitiy Free Essays

The Deaf Identity Ones sense of self, or perception of one’s self, is put together throughout the childhood years; relating to any number of characteristics. These could be gender identity, racial identity, involvement in academics, involvement in sports, and many others. These are some of the key parts to building one’s identity, or the understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they have been, are, and will be manifested across ages, situations, and social roles. We will write a custom essay sample on The Deaf Identitiy or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what happens when a part of your identity is associated with your ability to hear or not. How does one establish a healthy identity of themselves when most the views of hard-of-hearing or deafness is negative? One study conducted in South Africa concluded that the deaf identity is not a static concept; but that it is a complex ongoing quest for belonging, bound up with the acceptance of being deaf and â€Å"finding one’s voice† in a hearing dominate society (McIlroy Storbeck, 2011). This concept correlates more with James Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement over Erik Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development based on the fact that sometimes the Deaf identity does not develop until post-adolescence, even in children who were born deaf. Marcia’s theory acknowledges that sometimes the quest for one’s identity can span one’s lifetime, therefore also breaking Erikson’s rigid rules of the identity developing in adolescence. When the Deaf identity has been developed it too has a range of meaning for those involved in the process. In the South Africa study, it was founded that there are four static identities; deaf, Deaf, negative/ambiguous, and bicultural Deaf. These identities are formed through a myriad of experiences. Whether the child was born to a hearing family, born to a Deaf family, went to school in a mainstream hearing school, or attended a Deaf school, and the person’s personal preferred method of communication. Many Deaf children of Deaf families are born into a household of signing and of knowledge of the Deaf culture; this person most likely will assume the Deaf Identity. This person will experience the least amount of crisis when it comes to identity. But being a Deaf child of a Deaf adult is such a low occurrence that coming to this identity is not that easy. There are three general factors, for deaf children, which directly link to their identity; the attitudes of the parents, the mode of communication which aides in the social interaction with family and later ith peers, and the child’s linguistic competence (Kossewska, 2008). The first few years of a child’s life are the most critical for development and begin to reinforce the general factors that impact their identity. A deaf child born to hearing parents may struggle with language and literacy development most of their life. If their parents choose to enroll their child in a mainstream school and stress oralism, then the child will have a more negative view of their deafness due to the struggles they go through to obtain spoken language. This may lead to a ‘negative/ambiguous’ or ‘deaf’ identity because the person does not truly identify with their deafness as a part of who they are. Another deaf child born to hearing parents could end up in a deaf school, where the child will learn a signed language and maybe the family will take classes as well. With a child who is not struggling to obtain language and letting their life happen as it happens, is more likely to accept their deafness as a part of who they are and develop a ‘bicultural Deaf’ or a ‘Deaf’ identity, depending on how influential the hearing family is. And a child born into a Deaf family with proud Deaf identities will likely go to a Deaf school and develop the same Deaf identity as their family. A study done in Poland with 67 deaf adolescents and 93 hearing children were asked â€Å"Who Am I? † to investigate the factors influencing the deaf identity in adolescence. While â€Å"it was found that deaf adolescents used more descriptions especially in the following categories: Civil Status, Body and Physical Appearance, Taste and Activities, Friendship and Relationships, Personal and Social Situations, Negative Personal Traits, and Neutral Personality Traits. Deaf adolescents use as many abstract concepts to describe themselves as the hearing do, but they use more negative personal traits† (Kossewska, 2008). Why is it that the Deaf children are harder on themselves than the hearing? Is this a blatant clue that society as a whole looks down on this group of people and even the children can feel it? Children have been known to feel anger and resentment towards their hearing parents for forcing oralism upon them when there was a world of people just like them out there. A strong sense of heritage and feeling of belonging can develop when children are a part of a community they can identify with. Sadly this doesn’t always happen in the earlier stages of life. This is also where one may go through an identity crisis and shift from ‘deaf’ to ‘Deaf’ or ‘bicultural. ’ â€Å"In discussing how bicultural identities may be understood, Ladd defines Deafhood as a process of claiming one’s Deaf identity with dignity† (McIlroy Storbeck, 2011). In the South Africa study, all of the participants were 23 years of age and older; the oldest being 55 years old. In the study, all those who were born to hearing families, attended mainstream schools, but learned SASL (South African Sign Language) identified themselves deaf, but not until later in life. Those who never learned SASL, or any other signed language, never identified themselves with their deafness and had a negative/ ambiguous identity. Lastly, those born Deaf to Deaf families identified as Deaf. Not one participant in this study identified them self as Bicultural, but that is not to say it doesn’t exist. The establishment of the Deaf Identity is a tricky and sometimes rocky path for the majority of children who identify as deaf. They have so many hurdles to overcome in their journey to establishing their own identity that is one with who they are. From family life, to socialization, to academics, to identifying with their hearing loss or not, these people work hard and might experience more identity crises than average hearing person. But once they have established that identity there is no doubt that it has something to do with their hearing status. It would be a better world to spread the word about the Deaf Community to help the future to identify with their Deafness. How to cite The Deaf Identitiy, Papers

Pablo Picasso Founder Of Cubism Essay Example For Students

Pablo Picasso Founder Of Cubism Essay Interviewer: This clip we are traveling to run into two celebrated painters of the twentieth century. They are talented ; they are celebrated and one twenty-four hours their images will be 1000000s, though some people believe in this and some do non. These creative persons are the representatives of the modern art. One of them, Pablo Picasso is a Spanish-born draftsman, sculpturer and painter, best known as a co-founder of the Cubism motion. Our 2nd invitee is Amedeo Modigliani, an Italian painter and sculpturer who works in the impressionist manner. The first inquiry to both of you: what manner do you personally refer your pictures to? Make you believe about it when you work on your picture? Is it of import for you or non? Amedeo Modigliani: I am cognizant of the fact that due to some of my plants I am referred to daring. These are the portrayals of my friends and familiarities Jacques Lipchitz and his married woman Berthe, Max Jacob, Jean Cocteau and Chaim Soutine ( Amedeo Modigliani ) . People call these works Modiglianis and province that these portrayals possess the same manner. I can non judge. I am an creative person. I do non be after the manner but draw in conformity to my temper, inspiration and feelings. My pictures are really emotional ; they are animal. I do non take lines and colourss. Something more complicated than my manus produces the images of my plants. Still, I can see that there are some traits of Impressionism in my plants. Pablo Picasso: I am considered to be the laminitis of Cubism as you have already mentioned. Well, I refer myself to this way of art. However, I do non reject the thought that people change in the class of clip. Therefore, their thoughts, purposes and messages can besides alter. I am non certain that I will remain in this art way and will non desire to present some new thoughts in my work. Everything alterations and it is just. I try non to believe about it when I paint. I merely paint what my imaginativeness gives to me. During the procedure of painting I do non believe of Cubistic techniques. It is non of import to me. What of import is what I want to reflect. I merely refer myself to modern creative persons. Interviewer: What influenced your determination to go an creative person? Was it a self-generated determination or a natural cause of evens? Did person influence your pick? Amedeo Modigliani: I grew up in the Italian state Tuscany. It is a really picturesque topographic point that is good known for its literature ( Boccaccio, Dante ) . Maybe it was the ground of my pick. Maybe its due to the cryptic ambiance of the topographic point that I ever sought the company of poets and authors. Though most of my images are inspired by my abode in France, my motive can be easy traced back to my young person in Italy. My parents gave me a really good instruction and therefore allowed me to be familiar with the universe of art, particularly with poesy and literature. My female parent was really ambivalent about my hereafter ( Amedeo Modigliani s life ) . She expected my calling in art. In 1898 I started my drawing categories. I started to paint truly madly. I even neglected my school work. I got my picture lessons from a instructor and painter Guglielmo Micheli in Livorno. His pictures belonged to an Italian manner of painting which is known as Impressionism. Bing a adolescent I got earnestly sick several times. I besides had TB. During these hard yearss I had different visions. My head gave me assorted images and I decided to incarnate them in my pictures. Therefore, I became an creative person. Later my female parent took me to the South of Italia and I visited some museums. Sculpture inspired me and I besides became really much attached to it. Pablo Picasso: Well, my pick of the future calling was instead justified. My male parent Josà © Ruiz Blasco was a professor of drawing ( Pablo Picasso s Biography ) . Thus my unusual strive for painting began to attest itself when I was a 10-year-old male child. I studied difficult and shortly I was able to excel my male parent s abilities. My male parent gave me a really good support. He helped me to take theoretical accounts for my plants and besides helped to form my first exhibition when I was merely 13. I besides attended the art academy in Barcelona. Interviewer: What or who influences your work? Where make you take the thoughts for your pictures from? What is the beginning of your inspiration? Amedeo Modigliani: Well, yes of class there is some influence. There are people who made me esteem them for what they had done in the universe of art. There are several of them. Toulouse-lautrec. I like the manner he made his contours be implicative and how wholly he defined the topic of his plants. For me his plants seem to be a modern-day verification of those artistic rules I am already acquainted with. The great Cezanne goes next. Almost every creative person in Paris who claims to belong to the daring motion would mention to this brilliant personality. This great adult male taught me to cut down signifiers to elementary geometric forms ( the first stairss in the way of abstract art! ) and to flatten images. The sculptures of Romanian creative person Brancusi revived my love to sculpture. He greatly influenced the manner I depict a human figure. Besides, I could non travel by the European classical art. Pablo Picasso Quotes EssayInterviewer: Looking back at your plants, for illustration, one of them that have been publically disputed, what did you intend by this or what was your captivation with that ( whatever is fascinating or disputed about that piece of art ) . Amedeo Modigliani: One of my most celebrated and at the same clip controversial picture is Le Grand Nu a portrayal of a bare immature adult female. Many people argue and I am certain they will reason about who is depicted in this picture. Many people consider that I depicted Jeanne. That is no more than one of many sentiments. I am non traveling to state you whether this is true or non. But the chief thought of this picture is that every adult female when nude has no name. She is beautiful and even hone in her nakedness, particularly for him who sees her. And that is the truth of life and one of the most perfect parts of it. Pablo Picasso: Many inquiries are raised about the significance of my painting Acrobata vitamin E giovane equilibrista . There are a batch of readings about who this miss is and what the individuals on this image represent. However, I am traveling to stay soundless and state you nil but merely one thing. If you want to construe the significance of this painting attempt to think why a miss is so elusive and soft and why a adult male is so immense and solid. Interviewer: Being, allow us state, in 2011, would you sort today s art as art? Pablo Picasso: Yes, of class! As we all know, every era and even decennary or less can wholly alter people s reading and perceptual experience of art. New manners and inclinations can look every twelvemonth and, as our ain illustrations can demo, if person does non understand a message of a picture or can non construe it, it does non intend that this picture does non belong to art. Art is a complicated substance that can non be interpreted at an case. Amedeo Modigliani: At this point I agree with my friend. Art is something that can non be grasped at a minute. And yes, I would sort 2011 s art as art if I had an chance to populate in those times. Interviewer: Should a painter sell his images for big sum of money in order to hold the right to be called a successful and gifted painter? What are the standards that denote a consecutive painter? Do you see yourself successful? Do you believe your pictures will be more expensive in 50 old ages? Amedeo Modigliani: The adult male that can non go forth behind everything that is old and rotten is non a adult male, but a businessperson. You suffer, you are right, but ca nt enduring function to happen yourself and to do your dream stronger than your desire? ever allow your aesthetic demands prevail over your societal duties ( Amedeo Modigliani life ) . This is non merely my ain sentiment, but this is how the bulk of immature people think in the beginning of the twentieth century. This is merely an epoch of inventions and the belief in the old values is lost everlastingly. I have no practical attitude to life. I am a romantic. I am non certain person needs my picture now. Therefore I am non certain at all that person in future would wish to purchase them. If it happensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦well it will intend to me nil, will it? I will be already a portion of the other universe and will non cognize about it. Of class, every creative person dreams of being popular and the acknowledgme nt of his endowment and accomplishments. But I do non cognize, I m non sureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A successful creative person is person who is satisfied with his art, who likes his work. But does this mean being successful in the eyes of other people? I can non reply that. Pablo Picasso: I am a adult male of art, but I besides have aspirations. When I was immature cipher wanted to purchase my pictures. However nowadays people know me and I sell my plants. Of class, it is impossible to be a good painter if your purpose is to do pictures for sell merely. But we all hope that one twenty-four hours a millionaire enters our studio and pays reasonably for what we do. Well, we can merely trust. I consider myself to be instead successful. I do something other people pay for. That is a step of success. But I besides want people non to bury my plants within at least a decadeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Is it excessively bold to woolgather about it? I hope to populate up to those times when I am truly famousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Interviewer: Well, gentlemen, thank you really much for your sincere replies. We wish you new thoughts, new beginnings of inspiration and new triumphs in your work. We wish you as many supporters as possible. Continue what you do and this will convey felicity to many people s life.

Professional Role of a Nurse free essay sample

A nurse is defined as a person that is trained to take care of the sick as well as those who are injured, especially in the hospital. Nursing, however, is defined as the promotion and protection of health and abilities; the prevention of illness and injuries. Having a clear understanding of the history of nursing allows other nurses to gain more of an appreciation for the important role that the profession has played in the Health Care System. (Egenes, 2007) According to the American Nurses Association, the environment that you work in plays a very large role in one’s ability to provide quality health care. The atmosphere of the facility that a nurse works in is very important because it has an impact on everything from the safety of the patient to the work that the caregiver preforms. Having an unstable environment can affect a patient’s outcome, how long they might stay, increase or decrease a chance of death, and even prevent the nurse from working to their greatest ability. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Role of a Nurse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Registered nurses work in a variety of place settings. They may work in busy intensive care units or even health clinics in small neighborhoods. Nurses can work in emergency rooms, operating rooms, oncology centers, schools, rehabilitation centers and can even perform home care. They may work with a variety of patience that range from newborns, small children, teenagers, adults and even the elderly. Some nurses even work providing health services to mental health patience and those in need of psychiatric assistance. Nurses often work in places where they perform hands-on care to patients which involves nurses having to administer medication, monitoring a patience condition, maintaining patient’s records and also communicating with other staff members as well as the patient and their family. Nurses are responsible for contributing to a moral environment that encourages respectful interactions with colleagues, support of peers, and identification of issues that need to be addressed (Nursingworld. org, 2010). All nurses promise to do no harm to any patient. They are expected to uphold fundamental responsibilities to help prevent illness and restore health to the sick. To relieve pain and suffering as well as promote good health. In the course of their practice, nurses are held accountable for their judgments that are made as well as the actions they take whether it is while they are working with a patient or just being in the work place. They have the lives of others in their hands and there is no room for error or having flawed judgment. Nurses have an Ethics Code to follow. Nurses are expected to practice respect and kindness no matter the situation or who they are providing care for. Nurses have dual obligations, but their first and most important obligation is to their patient. They have to treat their patient to their greatest ability and protect their privacy and ensure their safety. By following the Code of Ethics, Nurses will be more trusted and be able to make more reliable and concrete decisions when it comes to their patients’ health. Quality health care is needed to ensure that people have health equality which means improving people life through the health care they receive. To receive quality health care, you must have healthcare providers that follow the healthcare system. In environments that offer healthcare, nurses almost always have the closest relationship with the patient. Nurses are the front-line providers; clinical leaders. They have first-hand knowledge of patients’ conditions that other health care providers may not know about. Nurses serve as educators for patients and the public for preventing illnesses and injuries. They assist with cures and provide care. Nurses also participate in rehabilitation and provide mental and even physical support for patients. A nurse’s around-the-clock presence allows doctors to provide their patients with better diagnosis as well as better treatments. The United States currently has the opportunity to transform their health care system. It is strongly believed that nurses could and can play a fundamental role in the needed transformation of the healthcare system. The nursing profession alone makes up the largest segment of the nation’s healthcare work force, with over three million registered nurses. It is believed that nurses should be required to achieve higher levels of training through an improved education system. In the future, nurses would like to be seen as being partners with physicians and other professionally that provide health care. Nurses are caregivers and they play a very essential role on the health care profession. Their main focus is always on their patient’s welfare. They function as nurturers, providers, and comforters. Nurses are expected to practice respect and kindness no matter the situation or who they are providing care for. The traditional practice of nursing is steadily evolving. It requires nurses to have a certain keen awareness of healthcare. Nurses are required to secure a higher-level of education and learn new skills to perform in different environments. Without nurses, the environment in which care is provided would not be the same and other health care providers’ jobs would be much more complicated.

Dryopithecus Facts and Figures

Dryopithecus Facts and Figures Name:  Dryopithecus (Greek for tree ape); pronounced DRY-oh-pith-ECK-us Habitat:  Woodlands of Eurasia and Africa Historical Epoch:  Middle Miocene (15-10 million years ago) Size and Weight:  About four feet long and 25 pounds Diet:  Fruit Distinguishing Characteristics:  Moderate size; long front arms; chimpanzee-like head   About Dryopithecus One of the many prehistoric primates of the Miocene epoch (a close contemporary was Pliopithecus), Dryopithecus was a tree-dwelling ape that originated in eastern Africa about 15 million years ago and then (like its hominid descendants millions of years later) radiated out into Europe and Asia. Dryopithecus was only remotely related to modern humans; this ancient ape had chimpanzee-like limbs and facial features, and it probably alternated between walking on its knuckles and running on its hind legs (especially when it was being chased by predators). On the whole, though, Dryopithecus probably spent most of its time high up in trees, subsisting on fruit (a diet we can infer from its relatively weak cheek teeth, which wouldnt have been able to handle tougher vegetation). The oddest fact about Dryopithecus, and one that has generated much confusion, is that this primate lived mostly in western Europe rather than Africa. Today, Europe isnt exactly known for its monkeys and apes - the only indigenous species is the Barbary macaque, which is barely European, confined as it is to the coast of southern Spain, where it has penetrated from its usual habitat in northern Africa. Its possible, though far from proven, that the true crucible of primate evolution during the later Cenozoic Era was Europe rather than Africa, and that after the diversification of monkeys and apes these primates migrated from Europe and populated (or repopulated) the continents for which theyre best known today, Africa, Asia, and South America.

Slavery and movents to end it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slavery and movents to end it - Essay Example However, the most flourishing anti-slavery movement at that time was the abolitionism movement. The main objective of abolitionism was to radically emancipate all slaves in the country and to end segregation and discrimination that was rampant in the American society at the time (Filler 1833). The radical nature of abolitionism distinguished the movement from other movements of its historical period. Abolitionism movement was also fueled by religious dedication in the second great awakening. The movement’s popularity therefore attracted contradictory and similar opinions from different scholars. The authors, Douglass, Pessen, and Thoreau held similar opinion on the necessity of radical transformation in ending slavery in the United States of America. In his writing, Frederick Douglass emphasized the need for immediate and radical action to end slavery and racism in the state. He offered an indomitable voice of hope to slavery in his writing. In his lecture, Frederick also talked about the need to embrace anti-slavery politics in the country. In his writings, Pessen talked about the need to fight for equality of the entire American citizenry. He condemned the unjust glorification of man through the use of erroneous information. During the abolitionism movement, Pessen discussed how the enslaved women and black Americans were mistreated by the government and other owners of the means of production (David 177). Henry David Thoreau emphasized the need for civil noncompliance in the fight for the rights of the enslaved minorities and women in the society. He was once imprisoned for breaking the law by declining to remit tax revenues. It is clear that, Douglass, Pessen, and Henry David Thoreau advocated for a radical movement that would eliminate slavery and forge discussions for fairness justice for all citizens of America. These renowned authors were solidly behind the abolitionism movement. The three held diverse opinions on the manner in which radical

Greater Fairbanks Chamber of Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greater Fairbanks Chamber of Commerce - Essay Example I hope to advance to a more responsible role within a larger organization. I would also be interested in working in a library or educational environment. Any information, advice and literature would be much appreciated. I am enclosing a large, stamped addressed envelope for this purpose and look forward to your response. Thank you for your time and attention. My strength lies in the ability to motivate people to be the best at what they do and to enjoy their work. My education and previous work experience support me in carrying out the leadership role to the highest standards. I am committed to excellence in all aspects and consider people to be any organization's greatest asset. I see this as a major factor in influencing the success of the business and improving outcomes for all concerned. This has been my strategy in all past employment, and as can be seen from my resume, it has worked well. I also believe that a sound product knowledge is a positive attribute for any store manager. Your company has a great reputation for quality goods, customer service, and staff development, and I would be glad to be a part of this, believing that I would be an asset to the business and make a positive contribution in all the areas demanded by the role. To obtain the job of assistant Store Man... Your company has a great reputation for quality goods, customer service, and staff development, and I would be glad to be a part of this, believing that I would be an asset to the business and make a positive contribution in all the areas demanded by the role. I look forward to your response and would be happy to discuss any issues by telephone or email, should you need to clarify anything. Thank you for your consideration of my application. Yours faithfully, SIGNAture TYPE NAME Name Address Telephone Email Objective To obtain the job of assistant Store Manager, Home Improvement, responsible for overall running of the department and development of associates in order to deliver quality customer service and contribute to the reputation and profit of the organization. Qualifications Team leadership in varied retail environments; involving and including staff training and development, improving customer service, accounting, ordering and replenishing of stock. Management role in Home Improvement department, with increased diverse product knowledge and management skills. Committed to promoting team work, achieving targets and setting standards of excellence in all areas, roles and tasks within the department. Well proven customer handling and interpersonal skills. Strong innovative approach to people and charismatic leadership style. Business and financial management strengths. Ability to think under pressure, to diffuse difficult situations and to develop and build positive behaviors. Professional Accomplishments Achievement of 20% rise in profits in six months and increasing positive customer feedback to 98% (from 75%) within one year. Introduction of staff participation and suggestion

Ethical Egoism And Virtue Ethics Philosophy Essay

Ethical Egoism And Virtue Ethics Philosophy Essay Ethical Egoism minds the interests which one takes within them but not ones wishes. Self interest is necessary in the sense that, it is not good to always better oneself but just to be true to you. The things that somebody commits towards their satisfaction should not negatively affect the third person. My support for Ethical Egoism is that one does basically what is right to him/her, but in beneficial or neutral senses only when turns out to what others around might not gain. There are three formulations of ethical Egoism universal, individual and personal. Individual Ethical Egoist argues that all individuals ought to do what benefits them. Personal ethical egoist says that some one ought to act by his/her own self interest, only that he makes no claim concerning what any body else supposed to do. The universal ethical egoist claims that everybody is ought to act in means that are in their own interest. I believe that it is quite good to move out and earn then get what you want, im prove yourself and just be happy. On the notion of invading other persons happiness I decline on that. Virtue ethics illustrates the character of moral agent as the steering for the ethical behavior, rather than consequentialism or deontology which derives wrongness or rightness as the result of the act but not the character. For example in the case involving an individual making a lie, a virtue ethicist focuses less on lying an d instead considers the decision to tell a lie or even not tell the lie mentioned pertaining moral behavior and ones character. Thus lying will be handled on case-by-case basis depending on factors like group benefit, personal benefit and the lie intentions (that is whether they were malevolent or benevolent). Virtue ethicist emphasizes on the grounds that helping others is charitable or benevolent. Virtue ethics is both new and old approach to ethics. It was regarded as to be emphasizing on a few interesting points like the character and motives of moral agents that utilitarian and deontologists could incorporate in to their approaches. Deontological theories are duty based; morality based on deontologists involves the fulfillment of duties and moral obligations. According to the deontological tradition, duties involve absolute moral rules obeying. Thus for a human being to uphold a law or rule they are required morally to do or not to do certain activities/acts. The wrongness or rightness of moral rule is independent determined of how pleasure or happiness was distributed as the outcome of not abiding or abiding by the rule. In real life situations our duties towards others doesnt necessarily decrease pain or increase pleasure. In America around nineteenth-century the anti-slavery movement members had views that slavery was wrong, despite the fact that slave holders benefited from it economically. The Deontologist views are that if American government conducts cost benefit analysis of slavery and directs it made more pleasure in community than pain, still it must be wrong. An extreme utilitarian argues that rules are simply rules we use to avoid figuring possible judgments of our actions. Utilitariasm remarkably have the tendency of haunting those of us who finds it difficult to believe in it. It is our feeling forever that it is ought to be right, though our insisting of it being wrong. Something steers us towards utilitarianism, consequentialism is what makes utilitarianism radically wrong. Self control is the ability to control ones behavior, emotions and desires in order gain on a latter date. Self control is related to the pressure subjected to an individual. The person might be in good pressure; when a person is in a competitive, non-prejudicial and non-judgmental environment, the person may desire to feel like those surrounding him. An individual may become inspired and motivated and thus gains self control. When an individual experiences bad pressure he/she is in prejudicial and judgmental environment and there lacks competition, the individual may become unmotivated and depressed thus losing the self control. When No Pressure the person is free, can do what may feel, there is no competition thus self control depends on the feelings of the individual. An individual might happen to be motivated or less motivated depending on the urgency of the undertakings. The importance of self control triggers choosing, and then persevere with behavior, thought and actions which results to success and improvements. It gives the inner strength and power to overcoming, addictions, laziness procrastination thus following through whatever you do. Self control leads to self esteem, self confidence and inner strength, also to happiness and satisfaction. Low self control people are unable to delay gratification, for people focus is on the present. The seven year old boy in Australia was to be crowned a king of low self esteem. Early one morning, the boy secretly went in the house of the reptiles and began killing them. The boy then took a lizard and killed it and mounted on the fence to give it to others as food. The theory of low self-control is depicted by this behavior. The seven year kid suggested that the beginning of such behavior is early. The action of the boy was without any thought about the outcomes his behavior would bring. The security cameras featured him smiling while killing the animals. The boy never showed a sense of empathy for the zoo neither the animals keepers taking lots of risks. The boy not only managed to dive past the security system but still climbed over the fence to have a closer look at the crocodile meantime endangering his little flesh. The boys behavior proposes that his parents are particularly ineffective. The parents of great concern can not allow the little young to go missing for such extended period of time without eyeing them. According to low-self esteem theory there were higher expectations about the boy continuing with such low self-control behaviors from childhood then to adolescence and then into adulthood probably tuning from harming animals to harming people. Most likely the boy wont be feeding people to crocodiles. Self control theory predictions can be a lengthy criminal record. Sociologists made this approach as a criminal behavior; psychologists have been studying development of similar theories for several years just before self control theory. Immediate gratification, impulsivity, risk-taking are very well established concepts in the bases of psychological accounts of deviance and crime. Low self-control manifests in a quite different ways. People showing low self-control can not delay gratification; they do such simply because they are focused on the present. Is just like they want it now, thus it results to people of low self control acting impulsively.

Formulation & Evalution of Atenolol Hcl Microemulsion for Ocular Administration

1. INTRODUCTION Objectives of the project: (a) Develop a formulation of Atenolol HCL microemulsion for ocular application to decrease IOP in case of glaucoma. (b) Improve the quality of patient’s life suffering from glaucoma. (c) Reduce the number of dosing per day. 1. 1 Eye â€Å"If a physician performed a major operation on a seignior (a nobleman) with a bronze lancet and has saved the seignior's life, or he opened the eye socket of a seignior with a bronze lancet and has saved the seignior's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver.But, if the physician in so doing has caused the seignior's death or has he destroyed the seignior's eye, they shall cut off his hand† the forgoing excerpts are from 282 laws of King Hammurabi's Code. The eye is unique in its therapeutic challenges. An efficient system, that of tears and tear drainage, which quickly eliminates drug solutions which makes topical delivery to the eye somewhat different from most other areas of the body. Pr eparations for the eye comprise a variety of different types of products; they may be solutions (eye drops or eyewashes), suspensions, or ointments.Any modern text on drug product design and evaluation must place into perspective the unique nature of the ophthalmic dosage form in general more specifically. It must consider that the bodily organ which, probably better than any other, serves as a model structure for the evaluation of drug activity, the eye. In no other organ can the practitioner, without surgical or mechanical interaction, so well observe the activity of the drug being administered.Most ocular structures can be readily viewed from cornea to retina and in doing so; any signs of ocular or systemic disease can be detected long before sight-threatening or certain health threatening disease states become intractable. Behind the relative straightforward composition nature of ophthalmic solutions and ointments, however, like many physicochemical parameters which affect drug stability, safety and efficacy as they do most other products.Additionally, specialized dosage forms such as parenteral type ophthalmic solutions for intraocular, subtenons, and retrobulbar use; suspensions for insoluble substances such as hydrocortisone; and solids for reconstitution such as ecothiophate iodide and tetracycline, all present the drug product designer with composition and manufacturing procedure challenges in the development of pharmaceuticals. Opthalmic products, like most others in the medical armamentarium, are undergoing a process termed optimization.New modes of delivering a drug to the eye are being actively explored ranging from a solid hydrophobic device which is inserted into the ophthalmic cul-de-sac, to conventionally applied dosage forms which, due to their formulation characteristics markedly increase the drug residence time in the orbit of the eye, thus providing drug for absorption for prolonged period of time and reducing the frequency with which a gi ven drug product must be administered [1]. Ocular diseases are mainly treated topically by application of drug solutions administered as eye drops.These conventional dosage forms account for 90% of the available ophthalmic formulations. This can be due to the simplicity and convenience of such dosage forms [2]. It is often assumed that drugs administered topically to the eye are rapidly and totally absorbed and are available to the desirable site in the globe of the eye to exert their therapeutic effect. Indeed, this is generally not the case. When a quantity of topical ophthalmic dosage form is applied to the eye, generally to the lower cul-de-sac, several factors immediately begin to affect the availability of the drug contained in that quantity of the dosage form.Upon application of 1 to 2 drops of a sterile ophthalmic solution, there are many factors, which will participate in the removal of the applied drops from the lower cul-de-sac [5]. The first factor effecting drug availab ility is that the loss of the drug from the palpebral fissure. This takes place by spillage of the drug from the eye and its removal via nasolacrimal apparatus. The normal volume of tears in human eye is estimated to be approximately 7  µl, and if blinking does not occur the human eye can accommodate a volume of 30 III without spillage from palpebral fissure.With an estimated drop volume of  µl, 70% of the administered volume of 2 drops can be seen to expel from the eye by overflow. If blinking occurs, the residual volume of lO  µl indicates that 90% of the administer volume of two drops will be expelled. The second factor is the drainage of the administered drop via the nasolacrimal system into the gastrointestinal tract which begins immediately upon instillation. This takes place when reflex tearing causes the volume of the fluid in the palpebral fissure to exceed the normal lacrimal volume of 7 – 10  µl.Fig (l) indicates the pathways for this drainage. A third mech anism of drug loss from the lacrimal fluid is systemic absorption through the conjunctiva of the eye. The conjunctiva is a thin, vascularized membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera. Due to the relative leakiness of the membrane, rich blood flow and large surface area, conjunctival uptake of a topically applied drug from the tear fluids is typically an order of magnitude greater than corneal uptake [3]. Figure (1): The pathways for drainage of drug from the eye [2]In competition with the three foregoing drug removal from the palpebral fissure is the transcorneal absorption of drug, the cornea is an avascular body and, with the percorneal tear film first refracting mechanism operant in the physiological process of sight. It is composed of lipophilic epithelium, Bowman's membrane, hydrophilic stroma, Descement's membrane and lipophilic endothelium. Drugs penetrate across the corneal epithelium via the transcellular or paracellula r pathway. Lipophilic drugs prefer the transcellular route.Hydrophilic drugs penetrate primarily through the paracellular pathway which involves passive or altered diffusion through intercellular spaces, for most topically applied drugs, passive diffusion along their concentration gradient, either transcellularly or paracellularly, is the main permeation mechanism across the cornea [6]. Physicochemical drug properties, such as lipophilicity, solubility, molecular size and shape and degree of ionization affect the route and rate of permeation in cornea [3]. 1. 2 Microemulsions Oil and water are immiscible. They separate into two phases when mixed, each saturated with traces of the other component [7].An attempt to combine the two phases requires energy input to establish water-oil contacts that would replace the water-water and oil-oil contacts. The interfacial tension between bulk oil and water can be as high as 30- dynes/cm [8]. To overcome this, surfactants can be used. Surfactant s are surface-active molecules. They contain water-loving (hydrophilic) and oil-loving (lipophilic) moieties [9]. Because of this characteristic, they tend to adsorb at the water-oil interface. If enough surfactant molecules are present, they align and create an interface between the water and the oil by decreasing the interfacial tension [8].An emulsion is formed, when a small amount of an appropriate surfactant is mechanically agitated with the oil and water. This results in a two-phase dispersion where one phase exists as droplets coated by surfactant that is dispersed throughout the continuous, other phase. These emulsions are milky or turbid in appearance due to the fact that the droplet sizes range from 0. 1 to 1 micron in diameter [9]. As a general rule, the type of surfactant used in the system determines which phase is continuous. If the surfactant is hydrophilic, thenoil will be emulsified in droplets throughout a continuous water phase.The opposite is true for more lipoph ilic surfactants. Water will be emulsified in droplets that are dispersed throughout a continuous oil phase in this case [10]. Emulsions are kinetically stable, but are ultimately thermodynamically unstable. Over time, they will begin to separate back into their two phases. The droplets will merge together, and the dispersed phase will sediment (cream) [9]. At this point, they degrade back into bulk phases of pure oil and pure water with some of the surfactant dissolved in preferentially in one of the two [8]. 1. 2. Characteristics of Microemulsions If a surfactant that possesses balanced hydrophilic and lipophilic properties is used in the right concentration, a different oil and water system will be produced. The system is still an emulsion, but exhibits some characteristics that are different from the milky emulsions discussed previously. These new systems are called â€Å"microemulsions†. The interfacial tension between phases, amount of energy required for formation, dro plet sizes and visual appearance are only a few of the differences seen when comparing emulsions to microemulsions.Microemulsions are in many respects small-scale emulsions. They are fragile systems in the sense that certain surfactants in specific concentrations are needed for microemulsion formation [11]. In simplest form, they are a mixture of oil, water and a surfactant. The surfactant, in this case, generates an ultra-low free energy per unit of interfacial area between the two phases (103mN/m) which results from a precise balance between thehydrophilic and lipophilic nature of the surfactant and large oil-to-water interfacial areas.These ultra-low free energies allow thermodynamically stable equilibrium phases to exist, which require only gentle mixing to form [12]. This increased surface area would ultimately influence the transport properties of a drug [14]. The free energy of the system is minimized by the compensation of surface energy by dispersion entropy. The flexible i nterfacial film results in droplet sizes that fall in a range of 10-100 nm in diameter for microemulsion systems. Although these systems are formed spontaneously, the driving forces are small and may possibly take time to reach equilibrium [14].This is a dynamic process. There is diffusion of molecules within the microstructures and there are fluctuations in the curvature of the surfactant film. These droplets diffuse through the continuous phase while kinetics of the collision, merging and separation of droplets occur [13, 10]. With droplet sizes in the nanometer range, microemulsions are optically transparent and are considered to be solutions. They are homogeneous on a macroscopic scale, but are heterogeneous on a molecular scale [7]. Microemulsions usually exhibit low viscosities and Newtonian flow characteristics.Their flow will remain constant when subjected to a variety of shear rates. Bicontinuous formulations may show some non-Newtonian flow and plasticity [16]. Microemulsi on viscosity is close to that of water, even at high droplet concentrations. The microstructure is constantly changing, making these very dynamic systems with reversible droplet coalescence [15]. To study the different properties of microemulsions, a variety of techniques are usually employed. Light scattering, x-ray diffraction, ultracentrifugation, electrical conductivity, and viscosity measurements have been widely used [20].These are only a few of themany techniques used to characterize microemulsions. Instrumentation and their application to microemulsions will be discussed in a later chapter. 1. 2. 2 Types of Microemulsions Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, but are only found under carefully defined conditions [3]. One way to characterize these systems is by whether the domains are in droplets or continuous [22]. Characterizing the systems in this way results in three types of microemulsions: oil-in-water (o/w), water-in-oil (w/o), and bicontinuous.Generally, one wo uld assume that whichever phase was a larger volume would be the continuous phase, but this is not always the case. Figure (2): Possible nanostructures present within microemulsions: a) o/w; b) o/w, and c) Bicontinuous [22] Oil-in-water microemulsions are droplets of oil surrounded by a surfactant (and possibly co-surfactant) film that forms the internal phase distributed in water, which is the continuous phase. This type of microemulsion generally has a larger interaction volume than the w/o microemulsions [23].The monolayer of surfactant forms the interfacial film that is oriented in a â€Å"positive† curve, where the polar head-groups face the continuous water phase and the lipophilic tails face into the oil droplets [17]. The o/w systems are interesting because they enable a hydrophobic drug to be more soluble in an aqueous based system, by solubilizing it in the internal oil droplets. Most drugs tend to favor small/medium molecular volume oils as opposed to hydrocarbon o ils due to the polarity of the poorly water-soluble drugs. An o/w drug delivery tends to be straightforward when compared to w/o microemulsions.This is the result of the droplet structure of o/w microemulsions being retained on dilution with the biological aqueous phase [23]. Water-in-oil microemulsions are made up of droplets of water surrounded by an oil continuous phase. These are generally known as â€Å"reverse-micelles†, where the polar headgroups of the surfactant are facing into the droplets of water with the fatty acid tails facing into the oil phase. This type of droplet is usually seen when the volume fraction of water is low, although the type of surfactant impacts this as well.A w/o microemulsion used orally or parenterally may be destabilized by the aqueous biological system. The biological system increases the phase volume of the internal phase, eventually leading to a â€Å"percolation phenomenon† where phase separation or phase inversion occurs [23]. O ral peptide delivery in w/o microemulsions is still used, however, The hydrophilic peptides can be easily incorporated into the water internal phase and are more protected from enzymatic proteolysis by the continuous oil phase than other oral dosage forms [17, 18].A w/o microemulsion is best employed, though, in situations where dilution by the aqueous phase is unlikely, such as intramuscular injection or transdermal delivery [17, 19]. When the amount of water and oil present are similar, a bicontinuousmicroemulsion system may result. In this case, both water and oil exist as a continuous phase. Irregular channels of oil and water are intertwined, resulting in what looks like a â€Å"sponge-phase† [ 20, 21]. Transitions from o/w to w/o microemulsions may pass through this bicontinuous state.Bicontinuousmicroemulsions, as mentioned before, may show non-Newtonian flow and plasticity. These properties make them especially useful for topical delivery of drugs or for intravenous a dministration, where upon dilution with aqueous biological fluids form an o/w microemulsion [25]. 1. 2. 3 Preparation of Microemulsion The preparation of microemulsions requires the determination of the existence range of microemulsions, which can be determined by visual observation of various mixtures of surfactant, co-surfactant, oily phase, and aqueous phase reported in a phase diagram.Two techniques are presented in the literature, each of them resulting in microemulsions: (1)†Exact† process by autoemulsification; (2) process based on supply of energy. 1. 2. 3. 1 Autoemulsification: Due to the spontaneous formation of the microemulsions, they can be prepared in one step by mixing the constituents with magnetic stirrer. The order of the addition of the constituents is not considered a critical factor for the preparation of micro emulsions, but it can influence the time required to obtain equilibrium.This time will increase if the co-surfactant is added to the organic phase, because its greater solubility in this phase will prevent the diffusion in the aqueous phase. This method is easier and much simpler then â€Å"supply of energy† method [25]. 1. 2. 3. 2 Process based on supply of energy: In this case, microemulsions are not obtained spontaneously. A decrease of the quantity of surfactants results in the use of high-pressure homogenizers in order to obtain the desired size of droplets that constitute the internal phase as opposed to the former technique [23].Benita and Levy [18] have studied the efficacy of various equipment for obtaining particles of different sizes. Two steps are required: the first step produces a coarse emulsion (0. 65 mm) by using a high-speed mixer. The second step consists of using a high pressure homogenizer. The dispersion of the oily phase in the aqueous phase is also facilitated by heating the phases before mixing them, the choice of the temperature depending on the sensitivity of the drug to heat.Cooling the preparation is required before its introduction in the high-pressure homogenizer, which can raise the temperature. A blue opalescent micro emulsion is obtained. 1. 2. 4 Review of literature: The microemulsion dosage form provided a delayed pharmacological action compared to the pharmacological action of regular eye drops. This observation led to the conclusion that the micro emulsion eye drops have a real advantage compared to regular eye drops which must be administered four times a day due to the short duration of the pharmacological action.According to Naveh et al. , it appeared that the retention of pilocarpine content in the internal oil phase, and the oil-water interface of the emulsion are sufficient to concomitantly enhance the ocular absorption of the drug through the cornea, and also increasing the corneal concentration of pilocarpine. After comparing the diffusion profiles of two microemulsions preparations and an aqueous solution of pilocarpine, Hasse and Keipert [29] s tudied their pharmacological effect in vivo by using six rabbits for each group.The obtained results were different from those observed in vitro. The two microemulsions provided a delayed release compared to the release of the drug incorporated in the aqueous solution. No experimental study has been conducted with microemulsions prepared by autoemulsification. However, several trials were conducted with microemulsions prepared by supply of energy. Melamed et al. [27] prepared micro emulsions containing adaprolol maleate. According to these authors, no ocular irritation was noticed in the group of forty healthy volunteers as opposed to regular eye droplets.The depressor effect was delayed; the intra-ocular pressure was still high 6 and 12 h after the instillation of the micro emulsion. A single instillation of microemulsion or corresponding placebo, namely microemulsion without any drug, was administered to twenty healthy volunteers. The determined parameters were the pupillary diame ter and variation of intra-ocular pressure. The effect of the micro emulsion which contains pilocarpine is obvious as compared to the placebo and was noticed within 1 h from instillation. The return to the initial values was noticed within 12 h [28,29]. Lv et al. 32] investigated micro emulsion systems composed of Span20/80, Tween20/80, n-butanol, H20, isopropyl palmitate (IPP)/isopropy lmyristate (IPM) as model systems of drug carriers for eye drops. The results showed that the stability of the chloramphenicol in the micro emulsion formulations was increased remarkably. Study of the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops on 21 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma during a double-blind clinical trial. Monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and pulse rate. At three and six h after medication, the average reduction of IOP was 7. and 4. 1 mm Hg respectively compared to the baseline readings without medication. The reduction of IOP at four h after medic ation was 6. 3 mm Hg compared to the pretreatment value. This corresponds to an average change from the pretreatment value of 22 percent. Blood pressure and pulse rate did not change significantly. We observed no subjective or objective ocular side effects. The duration of the effect of a single dose of Atenolol 4% eye drops is approximately six h. Atenolol 4% eye drops may become a useful agent in the medical treatment of glaucoma if a long-term effect and no ocular side effects [30]. . 3 Atenolol Atenolol is a selective ? 1 receptorantagonist, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written ? -blockers), a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Introduced in 1976, atenolol was developed as a replacement for propranolol in the treatment of hypertension. The chemical works by slowing down the heart and reducing its workload. Unlike propranolol, atenolol does not pass through the blood-brain barrier thus avoiding various central nervous system sid e effects. 25] Atenolol is one of the most widely used ? -blockers in the United Kingdom and was once the first-line treatment for hypertension. The role for ? -blockers in hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line, as they perform less appropriately or effectively than newer drugs, particularly in the elderly. Some evidence suggests that even in normal doses the most frequently used ? -blockers carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. Figure (3): Chemical structure of Atenolol [26]

What Would You Do with a Million Dollars?

What would you do with a million dollars? The amount of money that will pass through your hands over a working lifetime is incredible. For example, if you work 40 years and earn only an average of $25,000 per year, you will have made $1 million even without salary increases due to inflation. The average family in America earns nearly $50,000 per year. You are likely to earn over $2 million dollars in yourlifetime! What will you do with your millions? Many older people have spent it all. Is that what you will do? What do you want to do with your money? First, you need to decide what you want. Create your dream list. This is your first step in spending your millions. Your dreams are what you want to do, to own or to become. The biggest reason capable people don’t realize their dream is that they see themselves in terms of what they lack: lack of money, lack of time, lack of ability, lack of opportunity, lack of support from family. Once you have determined where you are going and what you want to do in life, the things you now see yourself lacking you will find along the path of life. A bar of gold only a few yards ahead of you is out of your reach as long as you choose to remain stuck where you are. Your dreams list will get you unstuck and allow you to see possibilities and opportunities instead of roadblocks and problems. Of course, it is mentally easier to attempt to avoid disappointment by not wanting much. Remember, those who ask little from life always get what they ask for—little or nothing. Dream big dreams. President Kennedy said we should go to the moon not because it would be easy, but because it would be hard.

Definition of Secession

Secession was the act by which a state left the Union. The Secession Crisis of late 1860 and early 1861 led to the Civil War when southern states seceded from the Union and declared themselves a separate nation, the Confederate States of America. There is no provision for secession in the U.S. Constitution. Threats to secede from the Union had arisen for decades, and during the Nullification Crisis three decades earlier it appeared that South Carolina might try to break away from the Union. Even earlier, the Hartford Convention of 1814-15 was a gathering of New England states which considered breaking away from the Union. South Carolina Was the First State to Secede Following the election of Abraham Lincoln, southern states began to make more serious threats to secede. The first state to secede was South Carolina, which passed an Ordinance of Secession on December 20, 1860. The document was brief, essentially a paragraph which stated that South Carolina was leaving the Union. Four days later, South Carolina issued a â€Å"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Justified the Secession of South Carolina from the Union.† South Carolinas declaration made it abundantly clear that the reason for secession was the desire to preserve slavery. South Carolina’s declaration noted that a number of states wouldnt fully enforce fugitive slave laws; that a number of states had â€Å"denounced as sinful the institution of slavery†; and that â€Å"societies,† meaning abolitionist groups, had been allowed to operate openly in many states. The declaration from South Carolina also referred specifically to the election of Abraham Lincoln, stating that his opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. Other Slave States Followed South Carolina After South Carolina seceded, other states also broke from the Union, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas in January 1861; Virginia in April 1861; and Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina in May 1861. Missouri and Kentucky were also considered to be part of the Confederate States of America, though they never issued documents of secession.